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ている vs てある vs ておく: One Window, Three Stories

Three sentences about the same open window — and each one tells a different story about who opened it, when, and why. This is the N4 trio that textbooks teach on separate pages and learners mix up for years.

Published September 22, 2026 · 12 min read · Level: N4

The short version: 窓まどが開あいています = the window is open (just the state). 窓まどが開あけてあります = the window is open because someone opened it on purpose. 窓まどを開あけておきます = I'll open the window in advance, for later. The keys: ている uses the intransitive verb, てある and ておく use the transitive one; てある takes が, ておく takes を.

Level: N4. All examples use N5–N4 vocabulary with furigana throughout. You need the て-form (see N5 て-form essentials) and it helps to know that Japanese verbs come in transitive/intransitive pairs — covered briefly below and fully in transitive vs intransitive verbs.

You walk into a meeting room in Japan. A colleague could describe the window in three ways, and all three are correct Japanese. What changes is the story the sentence tells. English mostly flattens these into “the window is open”, which is exactly why English speakers pick one form and use it for everything — and why their Japanese sounds oddly bare, as if every prepared thing had simply happened by itself.

Three cameras on one window

🪟Camera 1 · ている
開いている
まどがあいています。The window is open.
Shows: the state, nothing else. No person, no reason. Maybe the wind did it.
🪟Camera 2 · てある
開けてある
まどがあけてあります。The window has been left open (on purpose).
Shows: the state plus a trace of a person. Someone opened it, for a reason — to air the room before the meeting.
🪟Camera 3 · ておく
開けておく
まどをあけておきます。I'll open the window (ahead of time).
Shows: the action, done now for later. The meeting hasn't started; I'm preparing.

Read the three cameras as a small film. Before the meeting, you open it in advance (ておく). When people arrive, it has been opened for them (てある). And anyone who walks past later, knowing nothing, just sees that it is open (ている).

The rule underneath: which verb, which particle

Japanese has pairs of verbs that share a kanji: one intransitive (something happens by itself, marked with が) and one transitive (someone does it to something, marked with を). 開あく / 開あける is the classic pair. The three forms choose from that pair in a fixed way:

FormVerb typeParticleWhat it describes
開あいているintransitive + ているがA state, reported neutrally
開あけてあるtransitive + てあるがA state that someone created on purpose
開あけておくtransitive + ておくをAn action done in advance, or left as is
開あけているtransitive + ているをAn action in progress: is opening

The last row is there on purpose: a transitive verb with ている is not a state — 窓まどを開あけています means someone is opening the window right now. Why ている flips between “-ing” and “state” depending on the verb is explained in why 〜ている is not always -ing.

The two-question decision tree

Question 1: Are you describing an action being done now, for later?Preparing something, or leaving it the way it is.
Yes
〜をておくTransitive verb + ておく.
窓まどを開あけておきます。
No — describing a state
Question 2: Did someone make it that way on purpose?
Don't know / doesn't matter
〜がているIntransitive + ている.
窓まどが開あいています。
Yes, deliberately
〜がてあるTransitive + てある.
窓まどが開あけてあります。

The whole system on eight N4 verb pairs

Practise the tree on the pairs that N4 tests most. Every row is the same logic; only the verb changes.

Pairている (state)てある (arranged)ておく (in advance)
開あく / 開あける窓まどが開あいている窓まどが開あけてある窓まどを開あけておく
閉しまる / 閉しめるドアが閉しまっているドアが閉しめてあるドアを閉しめておく
付つく / 付つける電気でんきが付ついている電気でんきが付つけてある電気でんきを付つけておく
消きえる / 消けす電気でんきが消きえている電気でんきが消けしてある電気でんきを消けしておく
入はいる / 入いれるビールが入はいっているビールが入いれてあるビールを入いれておく
並ならぶ / 並ならべるいすが並ならんでいるいすが並ならべてあるいすを並ならべておく
決きまる / 決きめる日ひが決きまっている日ひが決きめてある日ひを決きめておく
冷ひえる / 冷ひやすビールが冷ひえているビールが冷ひやしてあるビールを冷ひやしておく

The pair that makes it click: the cold beer

ている — a fact about the beer

ビールがひえていますよ。The beer is cold.
Reporting the temperature. It might have been in the fridge all week.

てある — a gesture from your host

ビールがひやしてありますよ。I've put some beer in to chill for you.
Someone thought ahead. There is warmth in this sentence that ている cannot carry.

This is why てある matters beyond grammar tests. Japanese hospitality is full of prepared things — a futon laid out, tea set on the table, a seat reserved — and てある is how the language points at the care behind them without anyone having to say I did this for you. Using ている instead is not wrong; it just quietly erases the person.

てある with verbs that have no partner: signs, notes and “it says”

Many everyday transitive verbs have no intransitive partner — 書かく (write), 貼はる (stick up), 置おく (put). For these, てある is simply the way to describe the result, and it is everywhere in real life:

Results with てあるN4
何と書いてありますか is one of the most useful N4 sentences there is. Point at any sign, form, label or menu and it asks what is written there. The answer comes back in the same frame: 「禁煙きんえん」と書かいてあります — it says “no smoking”.
Do not mix up 書いています and 書いてあります. 名前なまえを書かいています = I am writing my name (action, を). 名前なまえが書かいてあります = the name is written there (result, が). Same verb, same て-form, different helper — and a completely different picture.

The three jobs of ておく

1 · Preparation — doing it now, for laterN4
2 · Leave it as it isN4
3 · Just in caseN4
All three jobs share one idea: the action is done with a later moment in mind. That is the test for ておく — if you could add “in advance”, “for now” or “just in case” to the English, ておく is probably the Japanese.

How ておく and てある line up in time

ておく and てある are two ends of the same story. One looks forward from before the action; the other looks back at its result.

Yesterday · the actionホテルをよやくしておきました。I booked the hotel in advance.
→
Today · the resultホテルはよやくしてあります。The hotel is booked.
→
So · you can relaxしんぱいしなくてもいいですよ。No need to worry.

How it actually sounds: てる and とく

In casual speech two of the three forms shrink, and if you only know the textbook versions you will not recognise them at native speed:

WrittenSpokenExample
〜ている〜てる窓まど、開あいてるよ。The window's open.
〜ておく〜とくやっとくね。I'll take care of it.
〜でおく〜どく読よんどいて。Read it beforehand, OK?
〜てある(stays)書かいてあるじゃん。It says so right there.

やっとく (I'll handle it) and 買かっとく (I'll pick it up) are among the most frequent phrases in Japanese messaging. They are ておく with the お swallowed. This kind of compression is exactly why beginners understand textbook audio and then lose the thread with real speakers — see why Japanese sounds too fast.

聴
Why this shows up in N4 listening. JLPT N4 task questions often ask what someone must do first — and the answer usually hinges on ておく (what still needs preparing) versus てある (what is already done). Kanjijo's JLPT listening track trains exactly this with native audio, and the dictation and shadowing lessons make you hear and produce とく and てる until they stop sounding like different words. The grammar bank has all three patterns with furigana examples, and the SRS keeps the pairs from merging.

The four errors to stop making

Common mistakesN4
Wrong — transitive verb with が + ている
Right — pick one story
Wrong — intransitive verb with を
Right
The fix for both: てある and ておく always use the transitive partner (the one someone does). If your verb is the “happens by itself” one, only ている is available.

Check yourself — pick the camera

Choose the form that tells the right story.

1 · Your host set the table before you arrived

A state someone created on purpose → transitive + てある.

2 · Before your guests come

An action done now for later → ておく.

3 · You just notice it

Just reporting a state, no story → intransitive + ている.

4 · Pointing at a sign

The written result → 書いてあります = what does it say?

5 · Casual: I'll do it

やっとく = やっておく, I'll take care of it.

6 · Which particle?

ておく describes the action, so the object takes を.

Reference summary

ている (intransitive)
A state, reported neutrally. 窓が開いています = the window is open.
てある (transitive + が)
A state someone created on purpose, usually as preparation. 窓が開けてあります. Also the normal result form for 書く, 貼る, 置く: 何と書いてありますか = what does it say?
ておく (transitive + を)
An action done with a later moment in mind: in advance (予約しておく), leave as is (開けておく), just in case (持っておく).
ている (transitive + を)
An action in progress: 窓を開けています = is opening the window.
Time order
ておく before the action → てある after it: 予約しておきました → 予約してあります.
Casual
ている → てる; ておく → とく; でおく → どく (読んどく). てある does not contract.
Key pairs
開く/開ける · 閉まる/閉める · 付く/付ける · 消える/消す · 入る/入れる · 並ぶ/並べる · 決まる/決める · 冷える/冷やす.

Frequently Asked Questions

Intransitive + ている reports a state neutrally (窓が開いています). Transitive + てある reports a state someone created on purpose (窓が開けてあります). てある always uses the transitive verb and normally takes が.

ておく is the action done in advance (ホテルを予約しておきます); てある is the prepared result afterwards (ホテルは予約してあります). ておく takes を; てある normally takes が.

“It is written / it says.” 何と書いてありますか = what does it say? Compare 書いています = I am writing.

The casual contraction of ておく: やっておく → やっとく, 買っておく → 買っとく; after で it becomes どく: 読んでおく → 読んどく.

Yes — 窓を開けてあります is grammatical and leans towards the person who prepared it. At N4, learn the が version first; it is what signs, instructions and the JLPT use most.

Sources & further reading
  1. The Japan Foundation & JEES, JLPT Level Summary — official N4 description (understanding everyday conversation spoken slowly; reading familiar daily topics).
  2. The Japan Foundation & JEES, JLPT sample questions — official N4 grammar and task-based listening items.

Hear the difference, then say it

ている, てある and ておく are learned on paper in an afternoon and acquired only by meeting them in real sentences, again and again. Kanjijo gives you those sentences in a calm, zen space: the complete N5–N1 grammar bank, vocabulary and kanji with exclusive mnemonics for every kanji and every word, an SRS engine, JLPT reading and listening tracks and full mock tests. Train your ear with conversation, shadowing and dictation, keep patterns in view with home, lock screen and interactive test widgets, read real signs with the OCR scanner, and learn from any Japanese video you paste in. Free on iPhone.

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